History of the computer Essay Example For Students

History of the computer Essay Generally, a computer is any device that can perform numerical Calculations even an adding machine, an abacus, or a slide rule. Currently, however, the term usually refers to an electronic device that can use a list of instructions, called a program, to perform calculations or to store, manipulate, and retrieve information. Todays computers are marvels of miniaturization. Machines that once weighed 30 tons and occupied warehouse-size rooms now may weigh as little as three pounds (1. lograms) and can be carried in a suit pocket. The heart of todays computers are integrated circuits (ICs), sometimes called microchips, or simply chips. These tiny silicon wafers can contain millions of microscopic electronic components and are designed for many specific operations: some control an entire computer (CPU, or central processing unit, chips); some perform millions of mathematical operations per second (math oprocessors); others can store more than 16 million characters of information at one time (memory chips). In 1953 there were only about 100 computers in use in the entire world. Today hundreds of millions of computers form the core of electronic products, and more than 110 million programmable computers are being used in homes, businesses, government offices, and universities for almost every conceivable purpose. Computers come in many sizes and shapes. Special-purpose, or dedicated, computers are designed to perform specific tasks. Their operations are limited to the programs built into their microchips. These computers are the basis for electronic calculators and can be found in thousands of other electronic products, including digital watches (controlling timing, alarms, and displays), cameras (monitoring shutter speeds and aperture settings), and automobiles (controlling fuel injection, heating, and air conditioning and monitoring hundreds of electronic sensors). General-purpose computers, such as personal computers and business computers, are much more versatile because they can accept new sets of instructions. Each new set of instructions, or program, nables the same computer to perform a different type of operation. For example, one program lets the computer act like a word processor, another lets it manage inventories, and yet another transforms it into a video game. Although some general-purpose computers are as small as pocket radios, the smallest class of fully functional, self-contained computers is the class called notebook computers. These usually consist of a CPU, data-storage devices called disk drives, a liquid-crystal display (LCD), and a full-size keyboardall housed in a single unit small enough to fit into a briefcase. Todays desktop personal computers, or PCs, are many times more powerful than the huge, million-dollar business computers of the 1960s and 1970s. Most PCs can perform from 16 to 66 million operations per second, and some can even perform more than 100 million. These computers are used not only for household management and personal entertainment, but also for most of the automated tasks required by small businesses, including word processing, generating mailing lists, tracking inventory, and calculating accounting information. Minicomputers are fast computers that have greater datamanipulating capabilities than personal computers and can be used simultaneously by many people. These machines are primarily used by larger businesses to handle extensive accounting, billing, and inventory records. Mainframes are large, extremely fast, multi-user computers that often contain complex arrays of processors, each designed to perform a specific function. Because they can handle huge databases, can simultaneously accommodate scores of users, and can perform complex mathematical operations, they are the mainstay of industry, research, and university computing centers. The speed and power of supercomputers, the fastest class of computer, are almost beyond human comprehension, and their capabilities are continually being improved. The most sophisticated of these machines can perform nearly 32 billion calculations per second, can store a billion characters in memory at one time, and can do in one hour what a desktop computer would take 40 years to do. Supercomputers attain these speeds through the use of several advanced engineering techniques. For example, critical circuitry is supercooled to nearly absolute zero so that electrons can move at the peed of light, and many processors are linked in such a way that they can all work on a single problem simultaneously. Because these computers can cost millions of dollars, they are used primarily by government agencies and large research centers. Computer development is rapidly progressing at both the high and the low ends of the computing spectrum. On the high end, by linking together networks of several small computers and programming them to use a language called Linda, scientists have been able to outperform the supercomputer. This technology is called parallel processing and helps avoid hours of idle computer time. A goal of this technology is the creation of a machine that could perform a trillion calculations per second, a measure known as a teraflop. On the other end of the spectrum, companies like Apple and Compaq are developing small, handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs). The Apple Newton, for example, lets people use a pen to input handwritten information through a touch-sensitive screen and to send mail and faxes to other computers. Researchers are currently developing microchips called digital signal rocessors, or DSPs, to enable these PDAs to recognize and interpret human speech. This development, which will permit people in all professions to use a computer quickly and easily, promises to lead to a revolution in the way humans communicate and transfer information. Communication. Computers make all modern communication possible. They operate telephone switching systems, coordinate satellite launches and operations, help generate special effects for movies, and control the equipment in all phases of television and radio broadcasts. Local-area networks (LANs) link the computers in separate departments of businesses or universities, and larger networks, such as the Internet, permit modemstelecommunication devices that transmit data through telephone linesto link individual computers to other computers anywhere in the world. Journalists and writers now use word processors to write books and articles, which they then submit to publishers on magnetic disks or through telephone lines. The data may then be sent directly to computer-controlled typesetters, some of which actually design the layout of printed pages on computer screens. Science and research. Computers are used by scientists and researchers in many ways to collect, store, manipulate, and analyze data. Running simulations is one of the most important applications. Data representing a real-life system is entered into the computer, and the computer manipulates the data in order to show how the natural system is likely to behave under a variety of conditions. In this way scientists can test new theories and designs or can examine a problem that does not lend itself to direct experimentation. Computer-aided design, or CAD, programs enable engineers and architects to design three-dimensional models on a computer screen. Chemists may use computer simulation to design and test molecular models of new drugs. Some simulation programs can generate models of weather conditions to help meteorologists make predictions. Flight simulators are valuable training tools for pilots. Industry. Computers have opened a new era in manufacturing and consumer-product development. In the factory, computer-assisted manufacturing, or CAM, programs help people plan complex production schedules, keep track of inventories and accounts, run automated assembly lines, and control robots. Dedicated computers are routinely used in thousands of products ranging from calculators to airplanes. Government. Government agencies are the largest users of mainframes and supercomputers. The United States Department of Defense uses computers for hundreds of tasks, including research, breaking codes, interpreting data from spy satellites, and targeting missiles. The Internal Revenue Service uses computers to keep track of tens of millions of tax returns. Computers are also essential for taking the census, maintaining criminal records, and other tasks. Education. Computers have proved to be valuable educational tools. Computer-assisted instruction, or CAI, uses computerized lessons that range from simple drills and practice sessions to complex interactive tutorials. These programs have become essential teaching tools in medical schools and military training centers, where the topics are complex and the cost of human teachers is extremely high. Educational aids, such as some encyclopedias and other major reference works, are available to personal-computer userseither on magnetic disks or optical discs or through various Telecommunication networks. Arts and Entertainment. Video games are one of the most popular applications of personal computers. The constantly improving graphics and sound capabilities of personal computers have made them popular tools for artists and musicians. Personal computers can display millions of colors, can produce images far clearer than those of a television set, and can connect to various musical instruments and synthesizers. Painting and drawing programs enable artists to create realistic images and animated displays much more easily than they could with more traditional tools. Native Americans and Aztecs EssayMagnetic-tape storage devices are usually used together with hard disk drives on large computer systems that handle high volumes of onstantly changing data. The tape drives, which access data very slowly, regularly back up, or duplicate, the data in the hard disk drives to protect the system against loss of data during power failures or computer malfunctions. magnetic-drum memories store data in the form of magnetized spots in adjacent circular tracks on the surface of a rotating metal cylinder. They are relatively slow and are rarely used today. Optical discs are nonmagnetic auxiliary storage devices that developed from compact-audio-disc technology. Data is encoded on a disc as a series of pits and flat spaces, called lands, the lengths of which correspond to different patterns of 0s and 1s. One removable 43/4-inch (12-centimeter) disc contains a spiral track more than 3 miles (4. 8 kilometers) long, on which can be stored nearly a billion bytes (gigabyte) of information. All of the text in this encyclopedia, for example, would fill only one fifth of one disc. Read-only optical discs, whose data can be read but not changed, are called CD- ROMs Recordable CD-ROM drives, called WORM (write-once/read-many) drives, are used by many businesses and universities to periodically back up changing databases and to conveniently distribute massive amounts of information to customers or users. Output devices let the user see the results of the computers data processing. The most common output device is the video display terminal (VDT), or monitor, which uses a cathode-ray tube (CRT) to display characters and graphics on a television-like screen. Modems (modulator-demodulators) are input-output devices that allow computers to transfer data between each other. A modem on one computer translates digital pulses into analog signals (sound) and then transmits the signals through a telephone line or a communication network to another computer. A modem on the computer at the other end of the line reverses the process. Printers generate hard copya printed version of information stored in one of the computers memory systems. The three principal types of printers are daisy-wheel, dot-matrix, and laser. Other types of printers include ink-jet printers and thermal printers. A computers operating system is the software that allows all of the dissimilar hardware and software systems to work together. It is often stored in a computers ROM memory. An operating system consists of programs and routines that coordinate operations and processes, translate the data from different input and output devices, regulate data storage in memory, allocate tasks to different processors, and provide functions that help programmers write software. Computers that use disk memory-storage systems are said to have disk operating systems (DOS). MS-DOS is the most popular microcomputer operating system. UNIX, a powerful operating system for larger computers, allows many users and many different programs to gain access to a computers processor at the same time. Visual operating systems called GUIs (graphical user interfaces) were designed to be easy to use, yet to give UNIX-like power and flexibility to home and small-business users. Future operating systems will enable users to control all aspects of the computers hardware and software simply by moving and manipulating their corresponding objects, or graphical icons displayed on the screen. Sometimes programs other than the operating system are built into the hardware, as is the case in dedicated computers or ROM chips. Most often, however, programs exist independently of the computer. When such software is loaded into a general-purpose computer, it automatically programs the computer to perform a specific tasksuch as word processing, managing accounts and inventories, or displaying an arcade game. By the mid-1970s, microchips and microprocessors had drastically reduced the cost of the thousands of electronic components required in a computer. The first affordable desktop computer designed specifically for personal use was called the Altair 8800 and was sold by Micro Telemetry Systems in 1974. In 1977 Tandy Corporation became the first major electronics firm to produce a personal computer. They added a keyboard and CRT to their computer and offered a means of storing programs on a cassette recorder. Soon afterward, a small company named Apple Computer, founded by engineer Stephen Wozniak and entrepreneur Steven Jobs, began producing a superior computer. IBM introduced its Personal Computer, or PC, in 1981. As a result of competition from the makers of clones (computers that worked exactly like an IBM-PC), the price of personal computers fell drastically. Todays personal computer is 400 times faster than ENIAC, 3,000 times lighter, and several million dollars cheaper. In rapid succession computers have shrunk from tabletop to lap-top and finally to palm size. With some personal computers, called pen-pads, people can even write directly on an etched-glass, liquid-crystal screen using a small electronic stylus , and words will appear on the screen in clean typescript. In the early 1990s, manufacturers began producing inexpensive CD-ROM drives that could access more than 650 megabytes of data form a single disc. This development started a multimedia revolution that may continue for decades. The term multimedia encompasses the computers ability to merge sounds, video, text, music, animations, charts, maps, etc. into colorful, interactive presentations, a business advertising campaign, or even a space-war arcade game. Faster computers and the rapid proliferation of multimedia programs will probably forever change the way people get information. The computers ability to instantly retrieve a tiny piece of information from the midst of a huge mass of data has always been one of its most important uses. Since video and audio clips can be stored alongside text on a single CD-ROM disc, a whole new way of exploring a subject is possible . By using hyperlinksa programming method by which related terms, articles, pictures, and sounds are internally hooked togethermaterial can be presented to people so that they can peruse it in a typically human manner, by association. For example, if you are reading about Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address and you want to read about the battle of Gettysburg, you need only click on the highlighted hyperlink battle of Gettysburg. Instantly, the appropriate text, photos, and maps appear on the monitor. Pennsylvania is another click away, and so on. Encyclopedias, almanacs, collections of reference books, interactive games using movie footage, educational programs, and even motion pictures with accompanying screenplay, actor biographies, directors notes, and reviews make multimedia one of the computer worlds most exciting and creative fields. A computer network is the interconnection of many individual computers, much as a road is the link between the homes and the buildings of a city. Having many separate computers linked on a network provides many advantages to organizations such as businesses and universities. People may quickly and easily share files; modify databases; send memos called E-mail, or electronic mail; run programs on remote mainframes; and get access to information in databases that are too massive to fit on a small computers hard drive. Networks provide an essential tool for the routing, managing, and storing of huge amounts of rapidly changing data. The Internet is a network of networks: the international linking of tens of thousands of businesses, universities, and research organizations with millions of individual users. It is what United States President Al Gore first publicly referred to as the information superhighway. What is now known as the Internet was originally formed in 1970 as a military network called ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network) as part of the Department of Defense. The network opened to non-military users in the 1970s, when universities and companies doing defense-related research were given access, and flourished in the late 1980s as most universities and many businesses around the world online. In 1993, when commercial providers were first permitted to sell Internet connections to individuals, usage of the network exploded. Millions of new users came on within months, and a new era of computer communications began. Most networks on the Internet make certain files available to other. These common files can be databases, programs, or E-mail from the individuals on the network. With hundreds of thousands of international sites each providing thousands of pieces of data, its easy to imagine the mass of raw data available to users. The Internet is by no means the only way in which computer users can communicate with others. Several commercial online services provide connections to members who pay a monthly connect-time fee. CompuServe, America OnLine, Prodigy, Genie, and several others provide a tremendous range of information and services, including online conferencing, electronic mail transfer, program downloading, current weather and stock market information, travel and entertainment information, access to encyclopedias and other reference works, and electronic forums for specific users groups such as PC us

Anthropological Accounts of Leadership

Question: How should the leader deal with the situation? Answer: The leader of your client organization has observed a lack of flexibility and a slow decision-making process in many of the departments. He believes that he is not serving his customers well, and has decided to move to a team environment and to push many of the decisions to the lowest possible levels. In other words, he wants to create a team-based, empowered organization. Several of his best managers are resisting the idea strongly. They not only feel that many employees are not ready for the change, but they also believe that they personally could never change from a "command and control" style to allowing more participation. According to the given situation been stated there was a lack in the decision making system policy of the organization as a whole. He was not been able to serve his customers well. He suggested to move the management system to a team oriented business strongly but to which many of the employees had opposed because they felt that they are not ready for such a change and also they felt that this sort of change was very commanding. The leader should deal with this kind of situation very tactfully. He should go for developing his own leadership styles so that the employees can be able to work and exist in the various work environments and can also adjust accordingly. The culture and goals of an organization determine which leadership style fits the firm best. Some companies offer several leadership styles within the organization, dependent upon the necessary tasks to complete and departmental needs. There are mainly five types of leadership styles which a leader may choose according to the type of the organization and then this can help in taking and managing the decisions of a company as a whole (Edwards, 2014). Here the leader had chosen laissez faire style of leadership which means that the entire system did lack from direct supervision of the employees and also the system had mainly failed to provide with regular feedback to the employees who were in need of supervision and guidance from their leaders. It is not mandatory that all the employees will fall under this style of leadership style but still there are few employees as well. It is the responsibility of the leader to strictly follow up for those employees. This style of leadership hinders production of employees that need strict supervision. The laissez faire style needs no leadership or supervision efforts from their managers or the senior level people as well (He, 2013). This leads to poor production, lack of control as well as the increasing costs associated with it. The leader is been suggested to follow autocratic type of leadership that will allow the managers to make self-decisions alone without taking any such input from others as well. Here in this type the managers possess total authority and also impose their will on the employees as well. No one is able to challenge the decisions of the managers that have been taken. This style of leadership also requires close attention as well as supervision. The creative employees who are able to thrive in group functions detest this type of leadership style (Parker Welch, 2013). As an effective leader he must persuade his managers by involving the transformational type of leadership to its employees. The transformational leadership style depends on high levels of communication from management to meet goals. Leaders motivate employees and enhance productivity and efficiency through communication and high visibility. This style of leadership requires the involvement of management to meet goals. Leaders focus on the big picture within an organization and delegate smaller tasks to the team to accomplish goals (Zhu, Newman, Miao Hooke, 2013). References Edwards, G. (2014). Anthropological accounts of leadership: Historical and geographical interpretations from indigenous cultures.Leadership. doi:10.1177/1742715014536920 He, H. (2013). Participative Leadership and Follower Creativity: Do Different Types of Trust Play Different Roles?.Academy Of Management Proceedings,2013(1), 12324-12324. doi:10.5465/ambpp.2013.12324abstract Parker, M., Welch, E. (2013). Professional networks, science ability, and gender determinants of three types of leadership in academic science and engineering.The Leadership Quarterly,24(2), 332-348. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.01.001 Raelin, J. (2014). Imagine there are no leaders: Reframing leadership as collaborative agency.Leadership. doi:10.1177/1742715014558076 The 13th international studying leadership conference (ISLC). (2014).Leadership,10(2), 261-262. doi:10.1177/1742715014529687 Zhu, W., Newman, A., Miao, Q., Hooke, A. (2013). Revisiting the mediating role of trust in transformational leadership effects: Do different types of trust make a difference?.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 94-105. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.08.004

Evaluate the impact of discipline On the uniformed public services free essay sample

In this essay I will be discussing how discipline affects the public services. I will be looking in depth of how and why discipline is used and what happens if its discipline is not carried out. I will be using real life example to further my understanding of discipline. The value of the impact of discipline in a range of public services would involve the use of authority, to control the services, train the officers, used to follow orders or there as a threat and make sure powers are not to be abused. An example of training the officers would be when â€Å"Fire service training manual (1994) ‘The Fire Service Training Manual, together with the Manual of Firemanship, provides the foundation necessary for members of the service to learn, or teach, the essential core of knowledge and techniques. The knowledge must be reinforced and techniques regularly rehearsed to develop the skill and expertise necessary for fire fighters to demonstrate and maintain professional competence. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate the impact of discipline On the uniformed public services or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † http://www. furthereducationlessontrader. co. uk/discipline. htm. 03/10/12 this shows that the fire fighters are trained in order to the principles of the fire services so they can perform to the best standards possible. All services will train recruits so they are read to accomplish and contribute their input in the team to make it proficient The value for discipline regarding effectiveness and efficiency of the services would create many different advantages. It ensures that the hierarchical structure is respected and maintained. Everyone listens to their higher ranked officer. Every public service has a visibly defined roles and responsibilities which are to be followed under all circumstances. With discipline being followed properly it will guarantee that the public services officers are all working effectively and efficiently. Serving the public is the main priority of each and every service is to serve the public. The ambulance services are there to ensure the health and safety of public citizens. The police force is set up to protects and secure everyone from crime. The fire service is set up to protect life and property. The army, navy, royal marines are all out to protect the United Kingdom. All these services are designed to protect the citizen of the United Kingdom. For example when the 7/7 bombing happened in London all the services got together to protect the public. They all worked well effectively and efficiently together to solve this crisis. Discipline effects the public services massively; there are aspects such as inspiration. Many young people look up to the public services officers as they aim to one day become like them. They find the jobs they do appealing, in sense of it exploratory; deal with all kinds of different situation and provides job satisfaction. Discipline also trains an individual to work well in a group. It involves having respect, reciprocated trust and loyalty. However so young people find the servicers appealing as they feel its hands on and always on the frontline or dealing with dangerous situation. There needs to be an acknowledgement of your personal duty towards the services. You will have a duty towards your services, the public and colleagues. Following the rules and obeying your commanding officer in order to get the job done. In the public services all officer are trained to follow order and instruction from there higher ranked officers. Following order can save you from dangerous situation and reduces the risks of injury. A public services officer have taken an oath to abide by the law so therefore one of these would be protecting the public this can only be done when following order from your higher ranked officers. When orders are followed correctly the job is done to the best of standards possible rewards are given. Rewards are there to inspire individual to strive more and remain doing the tremendous work. Reward are given to these individual such as promotion, medals and recognition in the local newspaper or media, be appreciated, praise and seeing other happy gives the person job satisfaction. Receiving these rewards the individual feels honour and a sense of achievement and would like to do better and give more to their community. If people don’t follow the rules then the services and personnel become open to the consequences of a lack of discipline in their roles. If there is a lack of discipline in the public service that would affect the whole team performance, the community and the public not just the individual. Due to the fact lack of services the public wouldn’t feel safe in their community. The whole team would get a bad name not just that specific person. Taking bribe is a huge crime and if anyone is caught they would get dismissal or suspended this would lead to the public not trusting the service and lead to corrupting. However is any member of the uniformed public services is caught they will be punished. Punishment are put into place notify the individual if they step out of line there will be consequences such as dismissal, suspension, step down or a warning, all this is to ensure that the job is carried out effectively and efficiently. This will reflects on the social order in the communities. If the officers carry out their jobs well the behaviour in our society will be better and people. The social etiquettes have placed certain type of rules like indecent exposed will lead to arrest and police getting involved. The anarchy is a great example of loss of social order. When this occurs there are no rules no discipline in society. An example of this is would be the riots in 2011. These riots caused a lot of controversy with the society. In conclusion I believe discipline plays a huge role within the uniformed public service whether that be emergency or non-emergency. Discipline is taught rather than forced. I feel that the public services have good discipline as they do their jobs effectively and efficiently, however there are cases here a there were discipline is poor in the public service like the riots in 2011 were Mark Duggan was shot and lead to a massive outbreak of the riot across the United Kingdom. Furthermore I believe this shouldn. t undermine the great job our public services to on a daily basis, the struggles and tribulation that they face.

The Yellow Wallpaper - Journey Into Insanity Essays - Beecher Family

The Yellow Wallpaper - Journey Into Insanity Essays - Beecher Family The Yellow Wallpaper - Journey into Insanity In "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the dominant/submissive relationship between an oppressive husband and his submissive wife pushes her from depression into insanity. Flawed human nature seems to play a great role in her breakdown. Her husband, a noted physician, is unwilling to admit that there might really be something wrong with his wife. This same attitude is seen in her brother, who is also a physician. While this attitude, and the actions taken because of it, certainly contributed to her breakdown; it seems to me that there is a rebellious spirit in her. Perhaps unconsciously she seems determined to prove them wrong. As the story begins, the woman whose name we never learn tells of her depression and how it is dismissed by her husband and brother. "You see, he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do? If a physician of high standing, and one's own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression a slight hysterical * * * * *Roberts 2 tendency what is one to do?" (Gilman 193). These two men both doctors seem completely unable to admit that there might be more to her condition than than just stress and a slight nervous condition. Even when a summer in the country and weeks of bed-rest don't help, her husband refuses to accept that she may have a real problem. Throughout the story there are examples of the dominant - submissive relationship. She is virtually imprisoned in her bedroom, supposedly to allow her to rest and recover her health. She is forbidden to work, "So I . . . am absolutely forbidden to "work" until I am well again." (Gilman 193). She is not even supposed to write: "There comes John, and I must put this away he hates to have me write a word." (Gilman 194). She has no say in the location or decor of the room she is virtually imprisoned in: "I don't like our room a bit. I wanted...But John would not hear of it." (Gilman 193). She can't have visitors: "It is so discouraging not to have any advice and companionship about my work...but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillow-case as to let me have those stimulating people about now." (Gilman 196). Probably in large part because of her oppression, she continues to decline. "I don't feel as if it was worthwhile to turn my hand over for anything. . ." (Gilman 197). It seems that her husband is oblivious to her declining conditon, since he never admits she has a real problem until * * * * *Roberts 3 the end of the story at which time he fainted. John could have obtained council from someone less personally involved in her case, but the only help he seeks was for the house and baby. He obtains a nanny to watch over the children while he was away at work each day: "It is fortunate Mary is so good with the baby." (Gilman 195). And he had his sister Jennie take care of the house. "She is a perfect and enthusiastic housekeeper." (Gilman 196). He does talk of taking her to an expert: "John says if I don't pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall." But she took that as a threat since he was even more domineering than her husband and brother. Not only does he fail to get her help, but by keeping her virtually a prisoner in a room with nauseating wallpaper and very little to occupy her mind, let alone offer any kind of mental stimulation, he almost forces her to dwell on her problem. Prison is supposed to be depressing, and she is pretty close to being a prisoner. Perhaps if she had been allowed to come and go and do as she pleased her depression might have lifted: "I think sometimes that if I were only well enough to write a little it would relieve the press of ideas and rest me." (Gilman 195). It seems that just being able to tell someone how she really felt would

The Legacy of a Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Legacy of a Nation - Essay Example Freedom, more than any other concept, defines what it means to be an American. Self-rule is closely associated with freedom, but also has the notion of the power residing in the hands of the people. Colonists, forced to turn to community government in the face of British absenteeism, established a legacy that persists today. Our free elections are the vehicle that we use to continue to celebrate this legacy. No public official is any more powerful than the public they serve. The legacies of freedom and self rule have demanded a responsibility that we find in the Puritan inspired legacy of hard work, honesty, and family. The commitment to these ideals has lasted for centuries. Americans continue to believe in these basic values taught by the Puritans and embraced by such American icons as Ben Franklin. Even in the face of technology and MTV, our legacy is the conservative value of deliberate effort to exact an honest output. While these legacies bring us great pride, there are some darker sides to America's legacy for the present. Slavery that began in the colonies continued well into the 19th century. The remnants and impact continues to show in institutional prejudice and individual bias. This is a legacy that we have struggled with through the civil rights movement and personal introspection. Most Americans meet our challenging legacies by reaching for another of our nation's indelible character traits. The legacy of exploration and conquering adds personal strength to anyone who has knowledge of our nation's past. Though we may not explore the open and unsettled territories as in the past, America has a unique perspective that allows it to take action on social and international issues that confront us. America can face the unknown and the untraveled road of the future. Justice, fairness, and the rule of law are where these legacies are held fast and allowed to endure. America may seem to move at a slow and almost plodding pace. That is the speed of contemplation and examination. It is our courts and our legislatures that have exemplified a legacy brought from many European countries that says America has a legacy to live up to, and it can not be hurried. America's greatest strengths are drawn from the legacies of history. The wisdom and morality of men and women of the past continue to pull us into the future. They give us the courage to face our darker legacies without defense and without fear. Our legacies are the role model for people around the world to look to for hope and inspiration. They define us and make our citizens uniquely America. D James Kennedy: A Christian and Protestant Nation In his sermon "God and Country" preacher D. James Kennedy asserted that, "The proposition that the U.S. are a Christian and Protestant nation, is not so much the assertion of a principle as the statement of fact.". Kennedy has struck the chord that has united this nation since colonial days. The country was founded not only on freedom of religion, but also with a strong diversity and tolerance of faith. In August 1748, John Kurtz was examined and ordained as a minister at the founding of the Lutheran presence in America. Kurtz practiced his ministry under the discipline of "Pietism" founded by Pastor Philip Jacob Spener. When he founded the movement some 80

Discuss Gospel of Mark Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss Gospel of Mark - Assignment Example In Mark 15 v 32 his enemies ironically refer to him as ‘Christ , this king of Israel.’ In 10 v 17 he is described as ‘Good Teacher’ by someone who wants to ask him questions. 2.How does Jesus identify himself? What titles/names does he use in relation to himself? Under questioning from Pilate Jesus answers to the title ‘King of the Jews’ , but Pilate was referring to an earthly kingdom and Christ to a heavenly one. In Mark 10 v 33 he is describing himself when he says ‘The Son of Man’. The phrase come from Enoch 46 where ‘the ancient of days’ is also described as ‘the Son of man’. 3.Write a brief â€Å"character sketch† (word picture) of Jesus as he is presented in the Gospel of Mark. Mark describes Jesus as a man of action anointed by God. ( Mark 1 v 11) Words such he might send them out to preach and to have authority to drive out demons.’ ( Mark 3 v 14, 15.) They are also described as being ordinary, imperfect people -James and John the Sons of Thunder i.e. quick to anger’ and ‘Judas Iscariot , who betrayed him. The gospel, begins with the baptism by John i.e. the time when Jesus was clearly stated to be God’s beloved son who pleased him ( Mark 1 v 11). This is different from the other evangelists. John begins before time ‘In the beginning was the Word.’ Both Matthew and Luke begin with the time of Jesus’s birth or thereabouts. These three writers wanted readers to know who Jesus was. Mark is more concerned with what he did. Mark begins his gospel at the beginning of Jesus’ ministry. He knew God as His Father who loves him and anoints him with the Spirit. - Mark 1v 11. He sees himself as belonging to a family of those who obey the will of God - Mark 3 v 35. In Gethsemane ( Mark 14 v 36 he prays to God as ‘Abba’ i.e. Daddy’, but

Management - Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management - Diversity - Essay Example Moreover, empathy can result in discouraging organizational subcultures to form. Subcultures ostracize those outside them, and a sense of superiority in those who form parts thereof, however, a little empathy, even if learned/forced, can go a long way in mutual respect, resulting in the discouragement of such subcultures to be formed. 2. Overcoming differences for effective teamwork: it is all but natural for organizational employees to have differences in their personalities and ideals. Effective and successful teamwork is a must-have in any organization’s operations. Often, teamwork is hampered when employees cannot overcome their differences, sometimes resulting in all out confrontations. An organization that fosters diversity needs to train its employees in ways to overcome their differences for effective teamwork, so that the organization’s operations can run successfully and smoothly. 3. Inclusivity of various different employees of the organization as much as pos sible: it is important that none of the employees feel sidelined in an organization, especially based on their personal differences (e.g. gender, class, ethnicity, religion etc.). Organizational work, as well as employee morale, is adversely affected if employees feel that the organization does not value them or their opinion. ... ss dealings with abroad: whether it is the organizational employees inter se or organizational employees and organizational foreign clients, it is very important for them to be sensitive to the cultural differences and the nuances these differences bear. In inter-office dealings, cultural intelligence can lead to a friendlier work environment, where all employees feel their beliefs are respected; whereas in international dealings, cultural sensitivity and intelligence can result in success along with avoiding the organization embarrassment. There are myriads of ways to attain these objectives, however, some of them can include the following: 1. Just like other regular training workshops and seminars, training regarding diversity can also involve having guest speakers and lecturers, coming from diverse background to come and talk to the employees. These lectures/talks can involve various topics dealing with diversity and can help the employees gain a better understanding of problems f acing the minority at work. 2. There can be an hour or two set aside, every two or four weeks, for employees to share their personal stories, where they relate their personal diversity experiences. Negative and positive both aspects should be equally highlighted. Just like there is a need for employees to learn what to avoid, they need to learn what would be a good thing to do in certain situations with regard to diversity. This can also foster a sense of inclusion in the employees, as well as make them feel that their voices are being heard. 3. An informal office party, where everyone is invited is a good idea, however, to make it more interesting (or more â€Å"diversity training efficient†) the employees can be asked to socialize/interact with those different than them once they are at